10 April 2021 . Sem categoria
procedures for underground
Some technologies for emergency communications and tracking that may have application in underground infrastructure are being researched and tested through support provided by National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Office of Mine Safety and Health Research. Procedures for Underground Paperback – January 1, 1970 by Margaret Atwood (Author) Underground surveying embraces the survey operations performed beneath the surface of the earth in connection with tunneling, exploration and construction in subterranean passageways. Rethinking urbanization. 7 Asia has more performance-based codes because contracting there is design-build rather than design-bid-build, which is more common in the United States. Future fleets of vehicles powered by hydrogen or natural gas present still different concerns. 2011. UNECE states that improving motorist behaviors, their vehicles, tunnel operator efficiency, and the infrastructure itself are ways to decrease the number of tunnel incidents. A sense of personal safety—the freedom to function in a city with a low expectation of violent attacks against one’s person—is important for the smooth functioning of society. How is public access to transportation assured if an underground shopping area is closed for the day? 34(11):1-4. Tu, A.T. 1999. The U.S. Federal Highway Administration and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program sponsored a study to explore practices in several European countries related to tunnel safety, operations, and emergency response. How is the security, for example, of a retail operation located in a public transportation concourse assured when the retail space is closed for business at night but when public transportation is still in use? 1 Biology, physiology, and medicine were more common in definitions associated with ergonomics (Licht et al., 1989). Safety standards for surface infrastructure have been developed at the federal, state, and local levels and refined over generations to cover a broad array of activities. Available: http://www.hfes.org/Web/EducationalResources/HFDefi-nitions.pdf (accessed June 19, 2011). All of these events were perpetrated using devices carried by hand into underground infrastructure. Do you enjoy reading reports from the Academies online for free? ASME. 9 All tunnels longer than 500 meters belonging to the road network are to meet minimum safety requirements related to organization, roles, and responsibilities of various administrative bodies in charge of tunnel safety, and related to technical standards for tunnel infrastructure, operation, traffic rules, and user information. 2002. It is quite different from surveying on the surface. 2010. Underground Electrical and Instrument ducts. Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks. Implement Light-Emitting Diode Lighting for Safe Vehicle Distance and Edge Delineation in Tunnels. Procedures for Underground is a book of poetry written by Canadian author Margaret Atwood. Available: http://www.piarc.org/en/Technical-Committees-World-Road-Association/ (accessed June 27, 2012). Exploring reductions in London Underground passenger journeys following the July 2005 bombings. The presence or absence of naturally occurring phenomena in the underground may pose risk to humans. OSHA Training Toolbox Talk: Working Safely Around Underground Utilities at Excavation Sites [Reference 1926 Subpart P] In the middle of the city, out in the suburbs, and perhaps even in the middle of nowhere, there is a pretty good chance that one or more utility line or other underground installation is buried beneath the surface. Approximately 500 tunnels in Europe in operation, under construction, or at the design stage are affected. Sign up for email notifications and we'll let you know about new publications in your areas of interest when they're released. The Transportation Research. Available: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/security/brp.pdf (accessed June 14, 2011). The remainder of this chapter explores this need. In Estimating Behavioral Changes for Transportation Modes After Terrorist Attacks in London, Madrid, and Tokyo, Final Report, D. Von Winterfeldt and F. Prager, eds. Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available. Prepared for the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials’ Security Task Force, by Science Applications International Corporation, Vienna, VA [online]. 2010c. Fire and life safety for underground facilities: Present status of fire and life safety principles related to underground facilities. 1993. 2 This directive has since been replaced by other directives that also emphasize human factors. Background: Excavating around underground utilities is a daily task for many employees. Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website. Bugliarello, G. 2001. However, the applicable NFPA standards cannot adequately address underground fire and life safety for all underground space uses, and they will likely break down when combining different types of occupancy in one underground space. Although various standards exist that govern, principally, fire safety for underground transportation and building and industrial facilities, there is a need for a more comprehensive approach to safety against all hazards for all types of underground facilities. Each state in the United States has adopted fire and life safety codes to ensure safety in structures, but the codes do not fully address underground structures. Patterns of Global Terrorism, 2003 [online]. Security issues and needs constantly change as technologies change, known hazards are successfully addressed, or new hazards evolve. Available http://www.metrans.org/research/final/08-10%20Final%20Report.pdf (accessed October 23, 2012). ITA (Association Internationale des Tunnels). Paris, France: OECD [online]. Transportation Security, Volume 12: Making Transportation Tunnels Safe and Secure. Guide for Inspection of Elevators, Escalators and Moving Walks. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. This article about a collection of written poetry is a stub. SAIC (Science Applications International Corporation). Strategic Research Agenda for the European Underground Construction Sector, Draft, October 2005. 2010b. Protecting Public Surface Transportation against Terrorism and Serious Crime: Continuing Research on Best Security Practices. Available: http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/eastweek/2010-03-31/attacks-moscow-metro (accessed April 27, 2011). DOD (U.S. Department of Defense). Underground service strikes OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). Report of the Official Account of the Bombings in London on 7th July 2005. 2006. This chapter addresses human-technical system relationships, human response to hazards faced in the underground, and the hazards and risks related to human use of underground space. Safety sometimes needs to be created operationally rather than through technical solutions (e.g., no hazardous materials unless appropriate sprinkler or other systems are in place). 2010a. High rise building systems need only address one floor at a time. Few studies have documented underground use patterns following terrorist events, but. Many applications of human factors engineering are related to human interaction with a single manufactured item or technology. WMATA (Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority) and Cambridge Systematics, Inc. 2009. At the request of the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Research Council (NRC) conducted a study to consider sustainable underground development in the urban environment, to identify research needed to maximize opportunities for using underground space, and to enhance understanding among the public and technical communities of the role of underground engineering in urban sustainability. 2006. Documents, Procedures and Checklist For Underground Commercial Development Most states (45) have adopted the International Code Council (ICC)6 building, fire, plumbing, and mechanical codes. Pp. The existing maintenance program adopted by ISA utilities was developed by CTEEP, which has many of the extra-high-voltage/high-voltage (EHV/HV) cables that are the low-pressure oil-filled cable design. Surface radio often uses radio repeaters to cover large areas through open air, a technology that may not work in the underground. © 2021 National Academy of Sciences. Creating underground space that enables and encourages safe, economical, and sustainable use over the long-term is fundamental to that space being part of sustainable and resilient development in the urban setting. Virginia Pol Criticized Dulles Station Design, Labor Agreements. 6. There is a significant injury exposure to workers from explosion, fire, asphyxiation, electrocution as well as potential large losses in the form of damaged equipment and business interruption. On the other hand, engineering and operational measures may be needed to ensure safety in underground structures. Licht and others (1989) analyzed numerous definitions for terms and areas of study related to or synonymous with “human factors” research and found that most definitions implied a multidisciplinary approach including concepts related to behavioral science; human performance capacity; manpower, personnel, and training; and biology, physiology, and medicine.1 Information obtained through the study of human factors can be applied to the “design of tools, machines, systems, tasks, jobs. Section 1019.1 Number of Exits and Continuity [online]. Underground Collocation of Nuclear Power Reactors and Repository to Facilitate the Post-Renaissance Expansion of Nuclear Power. European Construction Technology Platform [online]. More recently, many urban services have been placed underground. Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text. Before any excavation or demolition can begin, the locations of all utilities in the affected area must be identified. Reston, VA: ASCE. Other hazards to people or infrastructure may result from human activity that creates, adds to, or intensifies naturally occurring risks. Waste Management Conference, March 1-5, 2009. Cut and Plug Ends: Cut abandoned utility lines and plug the ends with concrete plug. Gui, M.W., and M.C. Human Factors, Ergonomics, and Human Factors Engineering: An Analysis of Definitions. However, managing smoke in a complex underground structure—one that can span multiple underground levels over several city blocks, be occupied by thousands of people at any given time, and has many uses (e.g., retail, office space, health care, residential) and therefore many potential hazards and risks—may challenge the most sophisticated ventilation system designs. Underground Engineering for Sustainable Urban Development explains the findings of researchers and practitioners with expertise in geotechnical engineering, underground design and construction, trenchless technologies, risk assessment, visualization techniques for geotechnical applications, sustainable infrastructure development, life cycle assessment, infrastructure policy and planning, and fire prevention, safety and ventilation in the underground. An underground structure of comparable size (the equivalent of 40 city blocks of floor space) potentially can occupy a broader lateral space over fewer levels, increasing the lateral exposure to fire and smoke that spreads throughout the horizontal space. hazards and risks and applying appropriate mitigation strategies. (1372 mm) nominal size and smaller. The employer shall control access to all openings to prevent unauthorized entry underground. All forms of underground engineering not only must consider what training and safety guidelines are necessary for the smooth functioning of infrastructure in the best of circumstances, but also must anticipate the behavior of underground occupants during both normal and worst-case operation scenarios. COSUF has developed risk assessment guidelines (Molag and Trijssenaar-Buhre, 2006) and, with an ITA working group on health and safety,4 focused on increasing safety practices during construction. 2004. Procedures for Underground is a book of poetry written by Canadian author Margaret Atwood. 2010. Introduction of human factor engineering to prevent panic and errant behavior and to guide threat recognition, decision making, and action under stress are called for. (e.g., to prevent injury from fragments and flying debris and the development of airborne toxins from chemical changes due to heat and fire). Evaluate Effectiveness of Automatic Incident Detection Systems and Intelligent Video for Tunnels. Low-occupancy (less than 500 people) above- and belowground infrastructure commonly require only two exits according to the International Building Code (IBC, 2007) and therefore have limited emergency access and egress. 2006. Applications of underground structures for the physical protection of critical infrastructure. Damage to underground electrical cables can cause fatal or severe injury and the law says you must take precautions to avoid danger. New York: Office of the NY State Comptroller [online]. Even so, ridership trends of underground metros in large U.S. cities have risen in the past 10 years (e.g., WMATA and Cambridge Systematics, Inc., 2009; DiNapoli and Bleiwas, 2010), indicating that need and convenience outweigh immediate concerns over personal safety for at least some percentage of the population. The following peculiarities of underground surveys indicate how they differ from surface surveys: Available: http://www.osc.state.ny.us/reports/mta/mta-rpt-52011.pdf (accessed April 27, 2011). Earlier chapters of this report looked at how urban utilities and systems are highly integrated and therefore interdependent. Gersten. Human behavior is not always predictable in the face of adverse and extreme events, and regardless of how resilient to hazards underground infrastructure and safety systems may be, infrastructure and system failure could have significant negative consequences. Innovative tunnel design with improved geometry or that is more aesthetically pleasant enhances driver safety, performance, and traffic operation. When unable to use surface radio communications technology, responders rely on other technologies including radio repeaters and leaky feeder coaxial cable that functions as extended antennae. Mineta Transportation Institute Report 01-07. 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