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He and his family were then taken to the Ural Mountains and placed under house arrest. It is foolish to deny this growth, especially since in the USSR this growth was recognized and even in 1913 was considered the standard of development with which the Soviets compared their own achievements. His poor handling of Bloody Sunday and Russia’s role in World War I led to his abdication and execution. Since the emperor had no experience of war, almost all his ministers protested against this step as likely to impair the army’s morale. Maria Feodorovna provided a nurturing family environment during Nicholas II’s upbringing. He had received a military education from his tutor, and his tastes and interests were those of the average young Russian officers of his day. To prevent exposure of the scandalous hold Rasputin had on the imperial family, Nicholas interfered arbitrarily in matters properly within the competence of the Holy Synod, backing reactionary elements against those concerned about the Orthodox church’s prestige. The reign of Nicholas II was a period of unprecedented growth for Russia in all areas from economy to culture. He married Princess Alix of Hesse, who was the granddaughter of Queen Victoria, and they had five children, Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexi. Over the course of WWI, Russia endured major losses and was subject to extreme poverty and high inflation. But, in the 1890s, as Russia experienced economic growth, it began to expand its industry into the Far East. By the spring of 1905, his fleet was decimated in the Battle of Tsushima. In 1897 the couple gave birth to a second daughter, Tatiana. Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, who replaced Witte and carried out the coup of June 16, 1907, dissolving the second Duma, was loyal to the dynasty and a capable statesman. The parents’ joy soon turned to concern as Alexei was diagnosed with hemophilia. Nicholas II was born Nikolai Aleksandrovich Romanov in Pushkin, Russia, on May 6, 1868. Nicholas followed his father's policies for much of his first decade as monarch, relying on the men who had advised Alexander III, especially Sergei Witte, the minister of finance and the architect of Russia's economic growth during the 1890s. In the fall of 1917, Russia’s provisional government was overthrown by the Bolsheviks. In the subsequent October Manifesto, Nicholas pledged to introduce basic civil liberties, provide for broad participation in the State Duma, and endow the Duma with legislative and oversight powers. In 1904 Alexandra gave birth to the longed-for male heir, Alexei. It is rather a review of the man, his character, daily life, personal habits, education and relations with other people as he revealed himself in his diary after his abdication. He spent three years in service before touring Europe and Asia for an additional 10 months. In December of that year, Nicholas II’s army was forced to surrender Port Arthur. Nicholas II's father, Alexander Alexandrovich, was heir to the Russian empire. He ascended to the throne following the death of his father in 1894. We strive for accuracy and fairness. Nicholas II was the last Tsar of Russia. Nicholas II of Russia (18 May [O.S. Nicholas II's mother, Maria Feodorovna, had been born in Denmark. The couple had their first child, a daughter named Olga, in 1895. The Duma was slighted, and voluntary patriotic organizations were hampered in their efforts; the gulf between the ruling group and public opinion grew steadily wider. After Russia entered World War I, Nicholas left the capital to assume command of the army. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). After the Duma elected their own provisional committee built of progressive bloc members, and the soldiers sent to quash the St. Petersburg riots mutinied, Nicholas II had no other choice but to step down from the monarchy. Nicholas II was an uncompromising autocrat, and this stance helped provoke the Russian Revolution of 1905. https://www.biography.com/royalty/nicholas-ii. His domestic life was serene. Nicholas II and the tsarevitch Alexis in Russian army uniforms, 1917. Russia was also expanding in the Far East. Desc: Nicholas II or Nikolai II Alexandrovich Romanov, known in the Russian Orthodox Church as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer, was the last Emperor of All Russia, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his abdication on 15 March 1917. Conservatives plotted Nicholas’s deposition in the hope of saving the monarchy. Alexander the Great served as king of Macedonia from 336 to 323 B.C. The tumultuous reign of Nicholas II, the last czar of Russia, was tarnished by his ineptitude in both foreign and domestic affairs that helped to bring about the Russian Revolution.The Romanov Dynasty, which had ruled Russia for three centuries, came to an abrupt and bloody end in July 1918, when Nicholas and his family, who had been held under house arrest for more than a year, were … Nicholas II’s father was Tsar Alexander III, and his mother was Maria Fyodorovna, daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark. Troops opened fire on the demonstrators, killing more than a thousand people in what would come to be called the infamous “Bloody Sunday.”. In 1894 Nicholas II married Alexandra, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. His incapacity to understand the military stance of Russia and perceive the effects of the war paved the way for his downfall. I never wanted to become one. Although he believed in an autocracy, he was eventually forced to create an elected legislature. Under the pressure of the Russian Revolution of 1905, on August 6, 1905, Tsar Nicholas II issued a manifesto about the convocation of the Duma (Legislature), initially thought to be an advisory organ. Oscar Hammerstein II collaborated with Richard Rodgers on popular musicals such as ‘Oklahoma!,’ ‘South Pacific,’ ‘Carousel,’ ‘The King and I’ and ‘The Sound of Music.’. On March 15, 1917, he abdicated the throne. Nicholas II (1868-1918) was the last tsar of Russia, reigning from November 1894 until his overthrow in March 1917. Nikolay Aleksandrovich (emperor as Nicholas II), April 1894. His poor handling of Bloody Sunday and Russia’s role in World War I led to his abdication and execution. . In 1881, when Nicholas II was 13 years old, his grandfather, Alexander II, was assassinated by a revolutionary bomber. The Alexander Palace was the site of his birth, where his mother delivered him in her plush Blue Bedroom on the sixth of May in 1868. His isolation was virtually complete. The power vacuum was filled by Alexandra, who elevated unqualified favourites like Rasputin and disregarded signs of impending revolution. Charles II was the monarch of England, Scotland and Ireland during much of the latter half of the 17th century, marking the Restoration era. In his absence, the empress grew increasingly withdrawn and ever more dependent on Rasputin, who heavily influenced her political view on matters at home. During a mobbed public celebration of the coronation near Moscow, thousands of people were stampeded to death. Author of. Alexandra turned Nicholas’s mind against the popular commander in chief, his father’s cousin the grand duke Nicholas, and on September 5, 1915, the emperor dismissed him, assuming supreme command himself. Russian industry grew rapidly during the decade, aided by investment from abroad and particularly from France, assisted by a political alliance between the two countries signed during the last months of Alexander III's reign. Even the murder of Rasputin failed to dispel Nicholas’s illusions: he blindly disregarded this ominous warning, as he did those by other highly placed personages, including members of his own family. He was born on 19 May, 1868, the first child of Tsarevitch Aleksandr III and his wife, Maria Fyodorovna. The Russian Revolution toppled the Romanov dynasty, and Nicholas II abdicated on March 15, 1917. On the night of July 16-17, 1918, Nicholas II and his family were murdered by Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin, in Yekaterinburg, Russia, thus ending more than three centuries of the Romanov dynasty’s rule. The murder of the Romanovs stamped out the monarchy in Russia in a brutal fashion. Alexander was a strong influence on Nicholas II, shaping his conservative, religious values and his belief in autocratic government. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. In 1942, Fleetlord Atvar of the Race's Conquest Fleet was horrified to hear of the assassination of from Soviet Foreign Commissar Vyacheslav Molotov, who had taken part in the Russian Revolution. He distrusted his ministers, mainly because he felt them to be intellectually superior to himself and feared they sought to usurp his sovereign prerogatives. A grotesque situation resulted: in the midst of a desperate struggle for national survival, competent ministers and officials were dismissed and replaced by worthless nominees of Rasputin. Nicholas II inherited the Russian throne when his father died of kidney disease at the age of 49 on October 20, 1894. The following year, Nicholas II was officially crowned as the tsar of Russia. His reign saw the fall of Imperial Russia from being one of the foremost great powers of the world to economic and military collapse. Nicholas II had been the Tsar of Russiauntil he was forced to abdicate in 1917, and executed just over a year later by the Bolsheviks. Woefully unprepared for such a role, Nicholas II has been characterized as a naïve and incompetent leader. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. His official coronation was marred by the Khodynka Tragedy. In fact, he confessed to a close friend, "I am not prepared to be a tsar. Alexandra Feodorovna was consort of the Russian Czar Nicholas II. Nicholas II tried to overcome a Fate many times: in 1899 (the Hague peace conference); then (most decisively) in March, 1905 (an attempt to abdicate and to head the Russian Orthodox Church); and then again and again but he could not. 6 May] 1865 - July 17, 1968), known in the Russian Orthodox Church as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer, or Nicholas the Great, The Good (by China) or The Pious, was the Emperor (or Tsar) of All Russia, ruling from November 1894 until his peaceful death on July 17, 1968 from complications of an unknown illness. At the beginning of World War I, Russia’s armies performed poorly. When Nicholas II was 19 years old he joined the army. Desperate to find an effective treatment for Alexei, Nicholas II and Alexandra even went so far as to let the monk Rasputin hypnotize the boy. As peasants all over Russia sympathized with the workers’ cause, thousands of uprisings took place and were suppressed by Nicholas II’s troops, serving to further increase tensions. By winning wars and expanding territories, he established Prussia as a strong military power. Once he ascended the throne, Nicholas II had to marry and have children expediently, in order to secure a future heir to the throne. Nicholas II received his education through a string of private tutors, including a high-ranking government official named Konstantin Pobedonostsev. I know nothing of the business of ruling.". Emeritus Professor of Russian History, University of Toronto. Her rule precipitated the collapse of Russia's imperial government. The emperor proved such a devoted family man that his journal entries, which were meant to log official affairs of state, instead focused on the everyday goings-on of his wife and kids. He became the head of an empire that was expanded by his son and successor, Alexander the Great. Nicholas II was the last Tsar of the Russian Empire who ruled between 1894 and 1917 under the official title of ‘Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias’. The children of Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra are as follows: All of them were shot at Yekaterinburg by the bolsheviks. As a result, Japan felt increasingly threatened. Alexander Alexandrovich ascended the throne as Alexander III that year, and Nicholas II became heir apparent. Nicholas II was an uncompromising autocrat, and this stance helped provoke the Russian Revolution of 1905. Nicholas sympathized with the national aspirations of the Slavs and was anxious to win control of the Turkish straits but tempered his expansionist inclinations with a sincere desire to preserve peace among the Great Powers. The Russian public blamed Nicholas II for his poor military decisions, and Empress Alexandra for her ill-advised role in government. Although he was the crown prince of Russia, while in the military he attended few political meetings except for those held by the state council and the committee of ministers. On July 17, 1918, the Bolsheviks murdered Nicholas, his family, and their closest retainers. They had four daughters—Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia—and one son, Alexis. Reeling from the loss, and poorly trained in affairs of state, Nicholas II hardly felt up to the task of assuming his father’s role. He was his parents' firstborn child. The First Duma, with a majority of Constitutional Democratic Pa… Catherine II, or Catherine the Great, served as empress of Russia for more than three decades in the late 18th century after overthrowing her husband, Peter III. Nikolay Aleksandrovich was the eldest son and heir apparent (tsesarevich) of the tsarevitch Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (emperor as Alexander III from 1881) and his consort Maria Fyodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark). Corrections? They were overruled, however, and soon dismissed. In 1891, construction on the Trans-Siberian railroad had begun, connecting Russia with the Pacific Coast. To his wife, Alexandra, whom he had married on November 26, 1894, Nicholas was passionately devoted. After Russia entered World War I , Nicholas left the capital to assume command of the army. Though he possessed great personal charm, he was by nature timid; he shunned close contact with his subjects, preferring the privacy of his family circle. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicholas-II-tsar-of-Russia, Spartacus Educational - Biography of Tsar Nicholas II, Alpha History - Biography of Tsar Nicholas II, RT Russiapedia - Biography of Nicholas II, Jewish Virtual Library - Biography of Nicholas, Nicholas II - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Nicholas II - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Learn how Bloody Sunday of 1905 and the outbreak of World War I led to the collapse of the reign of Tsar Nicholas Romanov. Nikolai II, Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov) (18 May [O.S. She was murdered, along with her entire family, in 1918. There are photos of children Alexei Passionate about the military, Nicholas II rose to the rank of colonel. Under her influence he sought the advice of spiritualists and faith healers, most notably Grigori Rasputin, who eventually acquired great power over the imperial couple. Nicholas II spent much of late 1915 through August 1917 away from Tsarskoe Selo in Saint Petersburg. Here are some video clips from different archives. Bolsheviks executed him and his family on the night of July 16-17, 1918, in Yekaterinburg, Russia. Despite all that was happening, Nicholas II managed to marry Princess Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt (commonly known as Alexandra) within a month of Alexander III’s passing. Here I have systematized little-known facts of biography of last Russian Emperor Nicholas II, related, in particular, the predictions and prophecies, which he has received during his life, and has built these facts in one time line - in result the surprising picture has opened. In response, Nicholas II appointed himself commander-in-chief, so he could take direct control of the military from Grand Duke Nicholas, against the advice of his ministers. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Nicholas II had neither the imposing physical presence nor the strong will of his father. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Nicholas II was the last tsar of Russia under Romanov rule. Nicholas II was born Nikolai Aleksandrovich Romanov in Pushkin, Russia, on May 6, 1868. Tsar Nicholas II, Actor: Nicholas & Alexandra: The Letters. While Nicholas II excelled in history and foreign languages, ironically, the future leader struggled to comprehend the subtleties of politics and economics. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); Subscribe to the Biography newsletter to receive stories about the people who shaped our world and the stories that shaped their lives. His reign lasted until the 1917 Russian Revolution.. Nicholas II (Russian: Николай II Nikolay Vtoroy; 18 May [O.S. The royal family was arrested by the Bolsheviks and held in seclusion. Disregarding the advice of his future prime minister Sergey Yulyevich Witte, he refused to make concessions to the constitutionalists until events forced him to yield more than might have been necessary had he been more flexible. In reaction, indignant workers throughout Russia went on strike. During his time of leadership, he united Greece, reestablished the Corinthian League and conquered the Persian Empire. In foreign policy, his naïveté and lighthearted attitude toward international obligations sometimes embarrassed his professional diplomats; for example, he concluded an alliance with the German emperor William II during their meeting at Björkö in July 1905, although Russia was already allied with France, Germany’s traditional enemy. He had few intellectual pretensions but delighted in physical exercise and the trappings of army life: uniforms, insignia, parades. He was christened His Imperial Highness Nicholas Aleksandrovitch Romanov, Grand Duke of Russia. Nicholas II, Russian in full Nikolay Aleksandrovich, (born May 6 [May 18, New Style], 1868, Tsarskoye Selo [now Pushkin], near St. Petersburg, Russia—died July 17, 1918, Yekaterinburg), the last Russian emperor (1894–1917), who, with his wife, Alexandra, and their children, was killed by the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution. On March 3, 1905, he reluctantly agreed to create a national representative assembly, or Duma, with consultative powers, and by the manifesto of October 30 he promised a constitutional regime under which no law was to take effect without the Duma’s consent, as well as a democratic franchise and civil liberties. Because Alexandra was originally from Germany, suspicion spread that she might have even deliberately sabotaged Russia, ensuring its defeat in the war. The power vacuum was filled by Alexandra, who elevated unqualified favourites like Rasputin and disregarded signs of impending revolution. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Along with his family, he was detained by the Provisional Government and then the Bolsheviks, before being executed in Ekaterinburg in July 1918.Most historians agree that Nicholas lacked the capacity or vision to rule Russia through the challenges of the early 20th century. Succeeding his father on November 1, 1894, he was crowned tsar in Moscow on May 26, 1896. Nicholas was the first Russian sovereign to show personal interest in Asia, visiting in 1891, while still tsesarevich, India, China, and Japan; later he nominally supervised the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. On 13 March 1881, following the assassination of his grandfather, Alexander II, Nicholas became Tsarevich and his father became Tsar Alexander III. His dedication to the dogma of autocracy was an inadequate substitute for a constructive policy, which alone could have prolonged the imperial regime. Nicholas II’s ministers consequently resigned in rapid succession and were replaced by Alexandra’s chosen candidates, as influenced by Rasputin until his 1916 murder by nobles. In the wake of Russia’s defeat, Nicholas II entered peace negotiations with Japan that summer, but much greater concerns soon demanded his attention. Nicholas II, Nikolay Alexandrovich Romanov (Russian:Also known as Nikolai II,, Николай II Романов, HIM Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer, The Bloody, The Martyr, Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp, Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of … She had the strength of character that he lacked, and he fell completely under her sway. Nicholas II, 1868–1918, last czar of Russia (1894–1917), son of Alexander III Alexander III, 1845–94, czar of Russia (1881–94), son and successor of Alexander II. Nicholas II of Russia Former Emperor of all the Russias. The co… To make matters worse, his father failed to provide him with much training in affairs of state. Anastasia was the daughter of the last Russian tsar, Nicholas II. Witte, whom he blamed for the October Manifesto, was soon dismissed, and the first two Dumas were prematurely dissolved as “insubordinate.”. Historians have long speculated as to whether Nicholas II’s daughter, Anastasia, might have survived the shooting but in 2007, a DNA analysis conclusively identified her body. Nicholas II was so confident of Russia’s victory against Germany and Austria during the First World War, that in 1916, he ordered a new uniform be designed for the Victory Parade he planned to hold in Berlin, and then in Constantinople in 1917. Neither by upbringing nor by temperament was Nicholas fitted for the complex tasks that awaited him as autocratic ruler of a vast empire. Nicholas was still headquartered at Mogilev at the time. The main objective of Nicholas II’s foreign policy during his early reign was to maintain the status quo in Europe, rather than to conquer new territory. Ominously, this chanced to be the Orthodox feast day of St. Job the Sufferer, which seemed to foretell the endless trials that would plague Nicholas' tragic life. Nicholas II was the last Tsar to reign over the Russia. His view of his role as autocrat was childishly simple: he derived his authority from God, to whom alone he was responsible, and it was his sacred duty to preserve his absolute power intact. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. She was followed by a third, named Maria, in 1899 and a fourth, named Anastasia, in 1901. [3] Included is also a clip of his visit in Finland 1915. In his absence, supreme power in effect passed, with his approval and encouragement, to the empress. Although a figure in the public eye, Empress Alexandra was something of a homebody, who preferred to spend the majority of her time at the palace at Tsarskoe Selo. Nicholas II (May 18, 1868–July 17, 1918) was the last czar of Russia. Nicholas II (Russian: Николай II, Николай Александрович Романов, tr. After she and her family were executed, rumors claimed that she might have survived. Nicholas II of Russia, (May 18, 1868 – July 17, 1918) was the last Tsar of the Russian Empire.He became Tsar in 1894 after his father, Tsar Alexander III died. Soon after his accession Nicholas proclaimed his uncompromising views in an address to liberal deputies from the zemstvos, the self-governing local assemblies, in which he dismissed as “senseless dreams” their aspirations to share in the work of government. (1868–1918) Frederick II, known as Frederick the Great, was Prussia's king from 1740 to 1786. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! Updates? On January 5, 1905, Father George Gapon led a sizable but peaceful demonstration of workers in St. Petersburg. When he tried to get home to Petrograd, the Duma (the elected legislature), which had by then turned on him, prevented him from boarding the train. He furthermore patronized an extremist right-wing organization, the Union of the Russian People, which sanctioned terrorist methods and disseminated anti-Semitic propaganda. The demonstrators appealed to Nicholas II to improve working conditions and establish a popular assembly. This introductory chapter seeks to provide a background to the diary. In pursuing the path of duty, Nicholas had to wage a continual struggle against himself, suppressing his natural indecisiveness and assuming a mask of self-confident resolution. Unaware of the event, Nicholas II and Alexandra were all smiles as they went on to celebrate the coronation at a ball. Nicholas also had other irresponsible favourites, often men of dubious probity who provided him with a distorted picture of Russian life, but one that he found more comforting than that contained in official reports. Due to the rise of Slavophile ideology in the Russian Empire, Alexander II of Russia searched for a bride for the heir apparent, Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich, in countries other than the German states that had traditionally provided consorts for the tsars. He met the rising groundswell of popular unrest with intensified police repression. Russia’s defeat not only frustrated Nicholas’s grandiose dreams of making Russia a great Eurasian power, with China, Tibet, and Persia under its control, but also presented him with serious problems at home, where discontent grew into the revolutionary movement of 1905. Omissions? In such cases Nicholas generally hesitated but ultimately yielded to Alexandra’s pressure. He lacked, however, the strength of will necessary in one who had such an exalted conception of his task. After the assassination of the Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo, he tried hard to avert the impending war by diplomatic action and resisted, until July 30, 1914, the pressure of the military for general, rather than partial, mobilization. A long trip for educational purposes became an important part of training for the state activity of the members of the … He was his parents' firstborn child. tion of Nicholas II, the last Tsar of Imperial Russia. In 1904, Japan attacked Russia. Kaiser Wilhelm served as emperor of Germany from 1888 until the end of World War I. Philip II reigned over Macedonia from 359 to 336 B.C. He was first cousin to King George V of England and second cousin to Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany. 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