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the atlantic slave trade and colonization

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The Atlantic slave trade Causes and results of slavery A main cause of the trade was the colonies that European countries were starting to develop. The slave trade was, therefore, a means for some African elites to gain economic advantages. Due to the slave trade, foundations for modern capitalism were laid out. Slavery was practiced in some parts of Africa, Europe,Asia and the Americas before the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade. Africans were sold into slavery as a result of a defeat in warfare or kidnapping. He cited examples such as the invention of the steam engine by James Watt, which was funded by plantation owners from the Caribbean. Slavery is one of the dark chapters in the history of mankind which everyone wants to forget. [69] Sir John Hawkins, considered the pioneer of the British slave trade, was the first to run the Triangular trade, making a profit at every stop. That leadership later gave rise to the myth that "the Iberians were the sole leaders of the exploration". As more and more diplomatic arrangements were made by Castlereagh, the owners of slave ships started flying false flags of nations that had not agreed, especially the United States. [28] Another reason for surplus supply of enslaved people was major warfare conducted by expanding states, such as the kingdom of Dahomey,[81] the Oyo Empire, and the Asante Empire. [citation needed] According to David Stannard's American Holocaust, 50% of African deaths occurred in Africa as a result of wars between native kingdoms, which produced the majority of slaves. Once sold to traders, all slaves sent to America endured the hellish Middle Passage, the transatlantic crossing, which took one to two months. Africans were brought to Point Comfort – several miles downriver from the English colony of Jamestown, Virginia – in 1619. A growing body of literature attests to the negative impact of slavery on the former plantation colonies of the Americas and of the slave trade on African economic devel-opment (Sokolo and Engerman, 2000; Acemoglu et al., 2001; Nunn, 2008; Nunn and Wantchekon, 2009). Before 1791, British sugar had to be protected to compete against cheaper French sugar. The major advantage that Europe had was in ship building. [176], On 22 February 1807, the House of Commons passed a motion 283 votes to 16 to abolish the Atlantic slave trade. [39] These ideas were supported by other historians, including Ralph Austen (1987). [78] The Atlantic slave trade peaked in the last two decades of the 18th century,[79] during and following the Kongo Civil War. h�Ԙmo�6�� As European powers began to conquer and claim large territories in the Americas in the 16th and 17th centuries, the role of chattel slavery and other forced labor systems in the development of the Atlantic World expanded. This is so true, that of the proprietors of slaves a very small proportion indeed are ever seen to labour. Colonization essentially started with the Trans-Atlantic slave trade in the 1400's. [33] Using the Canary Islands as a naval base, Europeans, at the time primarily Portuguese traders, began to move their activities down the western coast of Africa, performing raids in which slaves would be captured to be later sold in the Mediterranean. This argument was accepted by wavering politicians, who did not want to destroy the valuable and important sugar colonies of the British Caribbean. Revealing Histories, Remembering Slavery. The status of chattel slavery was thus confined to non-Europeans, such as Africans.[75]. Boruki, David Eltis, and David Wheat, "Atlantic History and the Slave Trade to Spanish America.". Eltis, David and Richardson, David, "The Numbers Game". For centuries, tidal currents had made ocean travel particularly difficult and risky for the ships that were then available. [161], Other scholars accused Walter Rodney of mischaracterizing the trade between Africans and Europeans. Facts you probably didn't know. That is the verdict of our oracle and the priests. [152] Economic historian Stanley Engerman finds that even without subtracting the associated costs of the slave trade (e.g., shipping costs, slave mortality, mortality of British people in Africa, defense costs) or reinvestment of profits back into the slave trade, the total profits from the slave trade and of West Indian plantations amounted to less than 5% of the British economy during any year of the Industrial Revolution. [183] Between 1807 and 1860, the Royal Navy's Squadron seized approximately 1,600 ships involved in the slave trade and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard these vessels. [208], On 24 August 2007, Ken Livingstone (Mayor of London) apologized publicly for London's role in the slave trade. Rodney states that changes in productivity, technology, and patterns of exchange in Europe and the Americas informed the decision by the British to end their participation in the trade in 1807. Great Britain abolished the slave trade, but the transition from slave trade to commerce trade was not smooth for Africans. After the Iberian union fell apart, Spain prohibited Portugal from directly engaging in the slave trade as a carrier. [41] However, Anne Bailey, commenting on Thornton's suggestion that Africans and Europeans were equal partners in the Atlantic slave trade, wrote: [T]o see Africans as partners implies equal terms and equal influence on the global and intercontinental processes of the trade. A number of African kings and merchants took part in the trading of enslaved people from 1440 to about 1833. [118], Meltzer also states that 33% of Africans would have died in the first year at the seasoning camps found throughout the Caribbean. However, a vibrant illegal trade continued to ship large numbers of enslaved people to Brazil and also to Cuba until the 1860s, when British enforcement and further diplomacy finally ended the Atlantic slave trade. Across the Sahara, through the Red Sea, from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic. William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville argued that "the slave population of the colonies could be maintained without it." The West Indies supplied slaves, sugar, molasses and fruits to the American colonies. One of the most damaging experiences for many ethnic groups in Africa was the transatlantic slave trade. No scholars dispute the harm done to the enslaved people but the effect of the trade on African societies is much debated, due to the apparent influx of goods to Africans. Joseph E. Inikori, "Ideology versus the Tyranny of Paradigm: Historians and the Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on African Societies". Around 1560 the Portuguese began a regular slave trade to Brazil. Current estimates are that about 12 million to 12.8 million Africans were shipped across the Atlantic over a span of 400 years. They will analyze primary source documents from the slave trade by conducting research using the online Slave Voyages Database, reading slave narratives and viewing primary source paintings and photographs. Slaves were brought to work on plantations, such as this one in the British West Indies. This advantage was reinforced when France lost its most important colony, St. Domingue (western Hispaniola, now Haiti), to a slave revolt in 1791[143] and supported revolts against its rival Britain, in the name of liberty after the 1793 French revolution. The Roman Empire had established its system of slavery in ancient times. David Eltis has compared the numbers to the rate of emigration from Europe during this period. For some it intensified effects already present among its rulers and kingdoms. Along with this, they also captured native Canary Islanders, the Guanches, to use as slaves both on the Islands and across the Christian Mediterranean. This outpost would later become a major port of embarkation in the trans-Atlantic slave trade to non-Iberian colonies in the Americas. Recently bought slaves in Brazil on their way to the farms of the landowners who bought them c. 1830. Mortality of around 20%, a number similar and sometimes greater than those of the slaves,[115] was expected in a ship's crew during the course of a voyage; this was due to disease, flogging, overwork, or slave uprisings. Over 45 distinct ethnic groups were taken to the Americas during the trade. Upon discovering new lands through their naval explorations, European colonisers soon began to migrate to and settle in lands outside their native continent. [207] Blair again apologized on 14 March 2007. [98] However, some African groups proved particularly adept and brutal at the practice of enslaving, such as Bono State, Oyo, Benin, Igala, Kaabu, Asanteman, Dahomey, the Aro Confederacy and the Imbangala war bands.[99][100]. Cudjoe Lewis, who died in 1935, was long believed to be the last survivor of Clotilda and the last surviving slave brought from Africa to the United States,[189] but recent research has found that two other survivors from Clotilda outlived him, Redoshi (who died in 1937) and Matilda McCrear (who died in 1940).[190][191]. During the slave trade and colonization, for example, some artists created work to come to terms with these horrific events—experiences that often stripped people of their cultural, religious and political identities. %PDF-1.5 %���� In 1809 President James Madison outlawed the slave trade with the United States. conquest and colonization in Latin America. It was revived by the Portuguese in Prince Henry’s time, beginning with the enslavement of Berbers in 1442. [112] Measures were taken to stem the onboard mortality rate, such as enforced "dancing" (as exercise) above deck and the practice of force-feeding enslaved persons who tried to starve themselves. [103][104][105] Like the Bambara Empire to the east, the Khasso kingdoms depended heavily on the slave trade for their economy. Exporting crops and goods from the New World to Europe often proved to be more profitable than producing them on the European mainland. The unfree migration of 11 million enslaved Africans via the transatlantic slave trade also led to the movement of plants, animals, diseases, and natural knowledge throughout the Atlantic basin. David Richardson has concluded that the profits from the slave trade amounted to less than 1% of domestic investment in Britain. New World slaves were considered the property of their owners, and slaves convicted of revolt or murder were executed. He said that London was still tainted by the horrors of slavery. Seymour Drescher, "Whose abolition? For smallpox and measles for example, those who survive are equipped with the immunity to combat the disease for the rest of their life in that they cannot contract the disease again. The number of lives lost in the procurement of slaves remains a mystery but may equal or exceed the number who survived to be enslaved. In addition to African persons, indigenous peoples of the Americas were trafficked through Atlantic trade routes. Such benefits included military technology (specifically guns and gunpowder), gold, or simply maintaining amicable trade relationships with European nations. Fewer slaves died in the Middle Passage over time mainly because the passage was shorter. Inikori also notes that after the suppression of the slave trade Africa's population almost immediately began to rapidly increase, even prior to the introduction of modern medicines. View The Slave Trade and Colonization_ Tutorial.pdf from HSITORY 1.1.3 at Epic Charter School. The trade of enslaved Africans in the Atlantic has its origins in the explorations of Portuguese mariners down the coast of West Africa in the 15th century. Cartagena, Veracruz, Buenos Aires, and Hispaniola received the majority of slave arrivals, mainly from Angola. "[62][63], Meanwhile, it became a business for privately owned enterprises, reducing international complications. Patrick Manning, "The Slave Trade: The Formal Demographics of a Global System" in Joseph E. Inikori and Stanley L. Engerman (eds). In the Americas therefore, slavery and racism seem to have strengthened each other. The Atlantic slave trade was not the only slave trade from Africa, although it was the largest in volume and intensity. [144], Historian Walter Rodney has argued that at the start of the slave trade in the 16th century, although there was a technological gap between Europe and Africa, it was not very substantial. The City Council has made an unreserved apology for Liverpool's involvement and the continual effect of slavery on Liverpool's black communities. [96] The records not complete and some data is uncertain. Millions of people also died as a result of slave raids, wars, and during transport to the coast for sale to European slave traders. Between 1600 and 1800, approximately 300,000 sailors engaged in the slave trade visited West Africa. Because the negative effects of slavery on the economies of Africa have been well documented, namely the significant decline in population, some African rulers likely saw an economic benefit from trading their subjects with European slave traders. [6] Shipowners regarded the slaves as cargo to be transported to the Americas as quickly and cheaply as possible,[5] there to be sold to work on coffee, tobacco, cocoa, sugar, and cotton plantations, gold and silver mines, rice fields, the construction industry, cutting timber for ships, as skilled labour, and as domestic servants. and exceeding the transatlantic slave trade.7 Such allegations, which aimed to justify British colonization, have been seriously criticized for lack of evidence. [20], By the 15th century, slavery had existed in the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain) of Western Europe throughout recorded history. Colony. Off the coast of Africa, European migrants, under the directions of the Kingdom of Castile, invaded and colonised the Canary Islands during the 15th century, where they converted much of the land to the production of wine and sugar. [35] By the mid-18th century, London had the largest African population in Britain, made up of free and enslaved people, as well as many runaways. Joseph Inikori provided a new line of argument, estimating counterfactual demographic developments in case the Atlantic slave trade had not existed. The Atlantic slave trade had a negative impact on African societies and the long-term impoverishment of West Africa. endstream endobj startxref The transatlantic slave trade began during the 15th century when Portugal, and subsequently other European kingdoms, were finally able to expand overseas and reach Africa. But Germany, Portugal, Belgium, Spain, and Italy also participated in the colonization. [citation needed] These captive slaves were considered "other", not part of the people of the ethnic group or "tribe"; African kings were only interested in protecting their own ethnic group, but sometimes criminals would be sold to get rid of them. The Atlantic Slave Trade 1471 Words | 6 Pages. [37] In 1571 Portugal, supported by the Kingdom of Kongo, took control of the south-western region of Angola in order to secure its threatened economic interest in the area. And the increased competition and influx of European weapons fueled warfare and instability that continues to this day. In 1525, the Kongolese king Afonso I seized a French vessel and its crew for illegally trading on his coast.[37]. [182], The Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron, established in 1808, grew by 1850 to a force of some 25 vessels, which were tasked with combating slavery along the African coast. [21][22], Slavery was prevalent in many parts of Africa[23] for many centuries before the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade. [14] In the 15th century, however, new European developments in seafaring technologies resulted in ships being better equipped to deal with the tidal currents, and could begin traversing the Atlantic Ocean; the Portuguese set up a Navigator's School (although there is much debate about whether it existed and if it did, just what it was). [90] Moreover, many scholars (such as Barbara N. Ramusack) have suggested a link between the prevalence of prostitution in Africa today with the temporary marriages that were enforced during the course of the slave trade.[160]. Unlike all of their imperial competitors, the Spanish almost never delivered slaves to foreign territories. James C. Duram, "A Study of Frustration: Britain, the USA, and the African Slave Trade, 1815–1870." Manning, Patrick: "Contours of Slavery and Social change in Africa". [32], As historian John Thornton remarked, "the actual motivation for European expansion and for navigational breakthroughs was little more than to exploit the opportunity for immediate profits made by raiding and the seizure or purchase of trade commodities". [181], Prime Minister Palmerston detested slavery, and in Nigeria in 1851 he took advantage of divisions in native politics, the presence of Christian missionaries, and the maneuvers of British consul John Beecroft to encourage the overthrow of King Kosoko. The 17th century saw an increase in shipments. First, because slavery was (in practice) still beneficial to capitalism, providing not only an influx of capital but also disciplining hardship into workers (a form of "apprenticeship" to the capitalist industrial plant). Many millions of Africans were enslaved after being captured in the widespread warfare between African states and ethnic groups. The numbers involved in the slave trade are vast. [85] On the other hand, slaves in other places were often treated as part of the family, "adopted children", with significant rights including the right to marry without their masters' permission. Most other slaves were obtained from kidnappings, or through raids that occurred at gunpoint through joint ventures with the Europeans. In the 1940’s they brought tobacco from America and … Braudel, Fernand. The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. Another practice involved taking pus from a smallpox scab and putting it in the cut of a healthy individual in an attempt to have a mild case of the disease in the future rather than the effects becoming fatal.[123]. Before that, contact with African slave markets was made to ransom Portuguese who had been captured by the intense North African Barbary pirate attacks on Portuguese ships and coastal villages, frequently leaving them depopulated. [204], In 2009, the Civil Rights Congress of Nigeria has written an open letter to all African chieftains who participated in trade calling for an apology for their role in the Atlantic slave trade: "We cannot continue to blame the white men, as Africans, particularly the traditional rulers, are not blameless. [165] The common decisive factor seems to be saving money on the overall cost of labor. [60][9] It is estimated that more than half of the entire slave trade took place during the 18th century, with the British, Portuguese and French being the main carriers of nine out of ten slaves abducted in Africa. They did not wield any influence on the building manufacturing centers of the West.[42]. Proponents of the slave trade, such as Archibald Dalzel, argued that African societies were robust and not much affected by the trade. US Constitution (Article 1, Section 9, Clause 1) prohibited restrictions on the slave trade before 1808. [2][3] Except for the Portuguese, European slave traders generally did not participate in the raids because life expectancy for Europeans in sub-Saharan Africa was less than one year during the period of the slave trade (which was prior to the widespread availability of quinine as a treatment for malaria). With the arrival of a staunchly anti-slavery government in Washington in 1861, the Atlantic slave trade was doomed. SHORT ESSAY: When referencing the Atlantic Slave Trade, Colonization, Exploration and Exploitation are inter-related? It is the source and the glory of their wealth ... the mother lulls the child to sleep with notes of triumph over an enemy reduced to slavery ...[108]. In letters written by the Manikongo, Nzinga Mbemba Afonso, to the King João III of Portugal, he writes that Portuguese merchandise flowing in is what is fueling the trade in Africans. [117], The slave trade was hated by many sailors, and those who joined the crews of slave ships often did so through coercion or because they could find no other employment. The Spanish proposed to get the slaves from Cape Verde, located closer to the demarcation line between the Spanish and Portuguese empire, but this was against the WIC-charter". A high crew mortality rate on the return voyage was in the captain's interests as it reduced the number of sailors who had to be paid on reaching the home port. In Fage's article "Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History", he notes that for West Africans "... there were really few effective means of mobilizing labour for the economic and political needs of the state" without the slave trade. Watch Queue Queue. [171][172][173] All the other states in the United States followed suit, although South Carolina reopened its slave trade in 1803.[174]. Compared to African and Europeans, New World populations did not have a history of exposure to diseases such as malaria, and therefore, no genetic resistance had been produced as a result of adaptation through natural selection. He found that mortality rates decreased over the history of the slave trade, primarily because the length of time necessary for the voyage was declining. The Atlantic slave trade. [153] Engerman's 5% figure gives as much as possible in terms of benefit of the doubt to the Williams argument, not solely because it does not take into account the associated costs of the slave trade to Britain, but also because it carries the full-employment assumption from economics and holds the gross value of slave trade profits as a direct contribution to Britain's national income. Needed cheap labor to help develop the atlantic slave trade and colonization colony in South America and then to the slave ship the! 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